Skip to content

The Research of Joseph D. Unwin

Overviews

Sex and Culture (1934)

J. D. Unwin outlines his ambitious inductive inquiry into the causal link between sexual regulations and cultural development. He rejects subjective classifications based on "beliefs" or "animism," proposing instead a rigorous behavioristic technique that categorizes societies as zoistic, manistic, or deistic based on their observed rites and the presence of temples. The core of his thesis suggests that social energy and "civilization" are the direct results of compulsory sacrifices in the gratification of sexual desires, a conjecture he seeks to verify by examining eighty uncivilized societies and several historical civilizations. By focusing on the limitation of sexual opportunity, specifically the demand for pre-nuptial chastity, Unwin aims to demonstrate that a society’s cultural condition is determined by the amount of continence it compels among its members. Ultimately, the text serves as a scientific framework designed to reveal the Direction of the Cultural Process through a methodical analysis of human records.

Hopousia: or, The Sexual & Economic Foundations of a New World (1940 /w Introduction by Aldous Huxley)

This 1940 posthumous publication by J. D. Unwin, featuring an extensive introduction by Aldous Huxley, proposes a scientific framework for a "new society" called Hopousia based on the integration of sexual and economic regulations. Drawing from his previous research in Sex and Culture, Unwin argues that human energy is not a constant, but a variable generated by the imposition of sexual restraint, which he identifies as the essential fuel for civilization. The text outlines a dual-marriage system designed to balance this energy: alpha marriages, which require strict continence to produce a high-energy ruling class, and beta marriages, which offer greater freedom for those less interested in social responsibility.

The source also highlights Unwin's critique of contemporary "follies," particularly the economic impediments of capitalism and usury, which he believes stifle the very energy that sexual discipline creates. Huxley’s introduction provides a critical layer of analysis, praising Unwin’s original synthesis while cautioning against over-simplification, noting that factors like technology, biology, and war also dictate a society's fate. Ultimately, the work serves as a creative experiment in social science, attempting to move human affairs out of a "state of nature" and into a planned structure where maximum social energy can be sustained indefinitely.

Sources on Google Drive

You can access the two sources listed above here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1k6yhIIQEcScK2ndM4lWE84pm5H6PNuNQ?usp=drive_link

Video by Urban

The Historian’s Looking Glass: A Primer on Translation, Rite, and Cultural Bias

1. The "European Lineage" Trap: Why Words Fail Us

In the study of comparative cultural history, we frequently fall victim to an ontological arrogance born of our "European lineage." As researchers, we carry a heavy, often invisible, backpack of Western philosophical and Christian frameworks, which we habitually project onto divergent worldviews. This projection represents a profound epistemological failure; we attempt to force the fluid, alien realities of other societies into the rigid containers of our own vocabulary—terms like "God," "sin," and "soul" that may have no local equivalent.

When an observer attempts to map a culture’s internal landscape by asking direct questions about "belief," the result is almost always an ethnographic distortion. There are three primary reasons why this methodology is inherently flawed:

  1. The Priority of Tactfulness over Truthfulness: In many societies, social harmony and hospitality are prioritized over abstract accuracy. Informants often provide the answers they suspect the observer desires, preferring a pleasing falsehood to a disruptive or misunderstood truth.
  2. Intentional Deception and Cognitive Fatigue: If a community perceives the researcher’s inquiries as a threat, they may provide intentionally misleading data. Furthermore, an individual subjected to grueling abstract questioning may tire of the exercise, offering any answer simply to terminate an irritating conversation.
  3. The "Echo of the Observer’s Thoughts": As the scholar Callaway famously noted, it is dangerously easy to impart Western concepts during the very act of questioning. The informant then repeats these new ideas back to the researcher, who mistakenly records them as "original articles of faith." In reality, the researcher is merely listening to the echo of their own cultural bias.

Because the interiority of "belief" is a shifting sand, we must pivot toward a more objective, inductive measurement: the rite.

2. Breaking the Language Barrier: The Myth of the "Spirit" and the "God"

In scientific discourse, terms like "spirit," "god," or "demon" are frequently inadmissible. These words represent a "Substantive Bias"—the Western obsession with turning every experience into a "noun" or a "Being." We must distinguish between a substantive entity (a thing) and an attributive quality or adverb (a way of being).

To illustrate this gap, consider the following table of linguistic misconstructions:

Native TermCommon (Inaccurate) TranslationActual Context/Meaning (Source: Unwin)
Yek (Tlingit)"Spiritual beings"An ocean of supernatural energy manifest in specific objects (the sea, a bear); a collective power rather than individual entities.
Jok (Nilotic/Lango)"Ancestral spirits"A singular/collective state of "the dead" where individual survival is absent; identity is merged into a unified force.
Vui (Banks Island)"A spirit" (Entity)Used adverbially to mean "exceeding" or "awesome"; an attributive quality of a site rather than a resident being.
Petara (Sea-Dyak)"God/Polytheism"A common quality found in shadows and natural phenomena; a way of being rather than a distinct personage.
Atua (Maori)"Malignant demon/ghost"A term applied to anything "unusual" or "unaccountable." Observers provide contradictory translations (demon, ghost, familiar spirit), proving that the word is a vessel for Western confusion.

The "So What?": The Bargee and the Philosopher

The failure of translation is perfectly captured by Unwin’s comparison of a "bargee" and a "philosopher" both using the word "God." Though the word is identical, their internal worlds are divergent. The bargee uses the term as an emotional exclamation or a habitual reflex, while the philosopher uses it as a complex metaphysical anchor. When we translate a native term as "God," we mask these untranslatable gaps. We must realize that many societies do not see "powers" as distinct beings (nouns) but as "qualities" of the universe (adverbs). To find clarity, we must look past what they say and observe what they do.

3. "By Their Rites We Shall Know Them": A New Methodology

To construct a truly inductive history, we must classify societies based on observable physical behavior rather than conjectural "creeds." By analyzing how a society interacts with the "unseen" through physical markers, we identify three great patterns of culture:

  • Zoistic: These societies possess neither temples nor post-funeral rites. They do not attend to the dead and rely on "pure magic" to navigate the world.
  • Manistic: These societies pay post-funeral attention to their dead but do not erect temples. Their world is shaped by the active presence of the deceased.
  • Deistic: The highest pattern in this scale. These societies erect temples—defined as roofed buildings specially maintained for a universal power, designed so a man can stand upright inside it. They employ priests to maintain a "right relation" with that power.

Behavioral Markers of Interaction

We further distinguish the nature of these rites based on the perceived power of the "unseen":

  • Control by Magic: Treating the dead as a nuisance. The rite (shouting, beating bushes) is designed to scare the power away.
  • Tendance: Services regarded as "due" to the dead (do ut abeas—"I give that you may go away"). The dead are managed so they do not become troublesome.
  • Hero-Cult: Approaching a specific ghost because they possess more power than a living man (do ut des—"I give that you may give"). This is a solicitation of superior force, not mere nuisance management.

By using these physical benchmarks, the historian moves from the fog of "what is felt" to the clarity of "what is done."

4. The Problem with "Primitive": Challenging the Evolutionary Narrative

In academic literature, the word "primitive" is a weapon of misinterpretation. It is misused in two specific ways: first, as a mere negative of "civilized," assuming that such societies are "failed" versions of our own; and second, as a synonym for "primeval man," assuming these societies are frozen in time rather than potentially in a state of decline.

The Historian’s Checklist

To maintain scientific rigor, we must replace loaded, moralistic language with precise, behavioral descriptions:

Avoid This TermUse This Behavioral Description
PrimitiveUncivilized (referring to any society outside the 16 major historical groups).
Highly MoralStringent pre-nuptial regulations (e.g., demanding tokens of virginity).
Spirit-WorshipTendance or Hero-Cult (distinguishing between services due and power solicited).
More AdvancedDisplays greater social energy (evidenced by the erection of temples).

This shift in vocabulary reveals a causal link: the limitation of sexual opportunity (the behavioral rite) is the primary mechanism that produces the social energy required for a society to advance from a Manistic to a Deistic state and begin the construction of temples.

5. Synthesis: Rites as the Blueprint of Culture

The fundamental insight of this methodology is that a society’s "cultural condition" is not what they think or feel, but what they do to maintain a "right relation" with the powers of the universe. The transition from a simple Zoistic existence to the complex energy of a Deistic civilization is not a matter of "evolving thought," but a result of behavioral regulation.

When a society restricts pre-nuptial opportunity—specifically demanding the physical tokens of virginity—it generates a unique cultural energy. This energy is the "blueprint" of culture; it is the force that allows a group to move beyond managing the dead as nuisances (Tendance) to soliciting them as powers (Cult), and finally to erecting standing-room temples (Deistic). By focusing on "what people do," the historian strips away personal bigotries and observes the only measurable reality of human progress.

Reflection Question

Consider the "rites" of your own modern life—your digital habits, your professional protocols, or your social gatherings. If a historian two thousand years from now found only the physical evidence of these actions but could not understand your language, what "creeds" might they mistakenly project onto you using the terminology of the future?

The Architect’s Compass: A Handbook for Navigating the Three Patterns of Human Culture

1. Introduction: The Search for a Scientific Compass

To the uninitiated student, the vast diversity of human cultures appears as a chaotic sea of conflicting rituals and incomprehensible prohibitions. However, as aspiring social scientists, we must reject the fog of internal psychology and subjective "meaning." We require a rigorous "Frame of Cultural Reference" to categorize societies with the same precision a chemist applies to the periodic table.

This handbook provides you with that scientific compass. Our mission is to distinguish between the three primary patterns of human culture—Zoistic, Manistic, and Deistic—by evaluating observable behaviors rather than elusive thoughts. We view human societies as dynamic units of energy; the complexity of a culture is a direct reflection of its "Social Energy," which is strictly governed by the regulation of sexual opportunity. By prioritizing what people do over what they say they believe, we can map the trajectory of human history with objective certainty. We begin this journey by recognizing that the study of "belief" is a primary obstacle to scientific inquiry.

2. The Gold Standard: Behavior Over Belief

In anthropology, the study of a society’s "beliefs" is a catastrophic pitfall. This "European lineage" bias often leads observers to mistranslate native concepts into their own religious vernacular. A critical pillar of our methodology is the recognition of the substantive vs. adverbial nature of native terms. For instance, observers in the Banks Islands often turned the adverb vui (meaning "exceeding" or "unusual") into a substantive entity ("a spirit"). Similarly, terms like atua (Maori) and petara (Sea-Dyak) are frequently flattened into "God," ignoring their diverse native functions as descriptors of quality.

To avoid these errors, we rely exclusively on rites—repeatable, public, and observable actions.

Why Rites Trump Beliefs

The Problem with BeliefsThe Power of Rites
Linguistic Distortion: Adverbs of quality (e.g., vui) are wrongly transformed into substantives ("spirits").Behavioral Precision: A society either builds a specific roofed structure or it does not.
Inarticulacy: Most people cannot state a precise creed; they merely follow established habit.Public Verification: Rituals occur in identifiable locations and follow rigid, observable protocols.
Observer Bias: Researchers project their own philosophies (e.g., "animism") onto native responses.Objective Metrics: Behavior provides a stable "marker" that avoids the trap of internal psychology.

Our classification rests upon two primary behavioral markers: the presence of temples and the specific nature of post-funeral rites.

3. The Zoistic Pattern: The Baseline of Human Culture

The Zoistic condition is the baseline of human cultural patterns, characterized by a total absence of temples and an absolute lack of post-funeral attention to the dead. In societies such as the Loyalty Islanders or the Tannese, there is no architectural complexity because there is no concentrated social energy.

In this state, power is not an external agency to be supplicated; it is a qualityhaze or uhngen—inherent in objects, people, or nature. This power is managed through individual, unassisted magic. The Zoistic "Magician" is a solo operator who relies on his own skill or the possession of magic stones to influence the weather or heal the sick. Because these societies allow total pre-nuptial sexual freedom, they remain at this baseline of human existence, lacking the energy required to build higher cultural structures.

Characteristics of the Zoistic Level

  • Total Absence of Temples: No roofed buildings are dedicated to manifest powers; rites are performed in open, natural spaces.
  • Zero Post-Funeral Attention: Once the funeral is complete, the dead are ignored; they are not fed, contacted, or approached for aid.
  • Quality-Based Magic: Practitioners are "owners" of power (via stones or spells) rather than intermediaries for an external force.

When a society begins to exert even a slight check on sexual impulse, it generates the energy necessary to pay formal attention to its dead, transitioning into a new pattern.

4. The Manistic Pattern: The Power of the Departed

A society enters the Manistic condition when it begins to perform rites for its members after their funerals, yet still lacks the architectural marker of the temple. This shift is fueled by a reduction in sexual opportunity, such as the occasional or irregular continence seen in the New Britain webat (where a betrothed girl is reserved) or the Maori taumou. Even within one society, regulations may vary; in the Gilbert Islands, for instance, the nikiranroro (remnants) may remain free while others are strictly betrothed, demonstrating how regulation directly correlates to cultural status.

We must distinguish between the two types of post-funeral attention in this pattern. Note that "Cult" here refers to a Hero-Cult, never an "Ancestor-Cult" in the Western sense of blood-lineage worship.

Tendance vs. Cult

Tendance (Do ut abeas)Cult (Do ut des)
Definition: Services due to the dead to keep them from being troublesome.Definition: Approaching a "hero" or powerful ghost for assistance beyond human power.
Action: Providing food/drink so the ghost does not haunt or send disease.Action: Invoking a specific entity (like the li'oa in Sa'a) to ensure success in war.
Focus: Negative; aimed at placation and keeping the dead at a distance.Focus: Positive; seeking the intervention of an agency with superior energy.

The transition from Section 4 to 5 is a matter of intensity. As sexual regulation becomes absolute, the complexity of the architecture manifests as a physical representation of the society's concentrated social energy.

5. The Deistic Pattern: The Rise of the Temple and Priest

The Deistic condition is the most complex pattern of uncivilized culture, defined by the unmistakable behavioral and architectural marker: The Temple.

The Technical Definition of a Temple

To qualify as a temple, a structure must meet three rigid criteria:

  1. Roofed and Standing: It is a permanent building large enough for a person to stand upright inside.
  2. Not a Grave: It is specifically built for a manifest power, not merely as a house for a corpse.
  3. The Anchor of Power: It serves as the physical "anchor" (taula) where the agency resides.

The Role of the Priest vs. The Magician

In the Deistic pattern, the "Magician" is replaced by the Priest (e.g., the bete in Fiji or the kabona in Uganda). The distinction is one of agency: the Zoistic magician is a solo operator, but the Deistic priest is a vessel. He is often "possessed" or "seized by the head," serving as a conduit for the god's voice.

This leap in cultural complexity is invariably linked to absolute pre-nuptial chastity. Societies like the Fijians or Baganda maintain their Deistic state by demanding physical proof of a bride’s virginity—visible through the Fijian tombe (plaits of hair) or the Baganda barkcloth. This absolute regulation produces the expansive social energy required to sustain a priesthood and a temple system.

6. The Diagnostic Tool: The Frame of Cultural Reference

Use this chart to determine a society’s pattern by observing their treatment of affliction, weather, and the dead.

The Frame of Cultural Reference Table

SocietyTreatment of AfflictionWeather ControlPost-Funeral RitesTemples Present?Pattern
TanneseMagicMagicianNoneNoZoistic
New BritonsExorcism/TransferenceMagicianTendanceNoManistic
Ulawa/Sa'aExorcism/OfferingsHero/Ghost-basedTendance & CultNoManistic
FijiansPriest/OraclePriest/TempleTendance & CultYesDeistic

How-to Guide for the Aspiring Learner

  1. Check Architecture: Does the society build roofed structures where they stand upright to contact a manifest power? If yes, it is Deistic.
  2. Evaluate the Dead: If no temples exist, do they feed or supplicate the dead after the funeral? If yes, it is Manistic. If the dead are ignored, it is Zoistic.
  3. Identify the Practitioner: Is the practitioner the "owner" of a spell (Magician) or a "vessel" for an external agency (Priest)?

7. Summary of Insights for the Aspiring Learner

Understanding these patterns allows us to calculate the social energy of any society:

  1. Pre-nuptial Freedom & the Zoistic State: Unchecked sexual impulses result in a baseline cultural state. These societies lack the energy to project power beyond individual magic.
  2. Occasional Continence & the Manistic State: The introduction of social checks (betrothal/fines) generates the energy required for Tendance and Hero-Cults.
  3. Absolute Pre-nuptial Chastity & the Deistic State: Rigorous regulation produces Expansive and Productive Energy. This is the highest level of uncivilized culture, marked by the temple and the priesthood.

This "Architect’s Compass" reveals the direction of the cultural process. When a society moves toward higher regulation, it conserves social energy—a process we call Human Entropy. When regulations loosen, energy dissipates, and the society inevitably slides back toward the Zoistic baseline. By mastering these behavioral markers, you possess the map to navigate the rising and falling tides of human history.

The Mechanics of Social Energy: Sexual Regulation and the Direction of the Cultural Process

1. Introduction: The Thermodynamic Model of Culture

Human culture is not a static state of being but a dynamic expression of social energy. This energy is a finite resource governed by the rigorous principles of "Human Entropy," where the level of societal expansion or decline is dictated by the regulation of sexual opportunity. Under this thermodynamic model, cultural complexity is fueled by the compulsory sacrifice of innate desires. When sexual opportunity is unrestricted, a society remains at a low-energy baseline of inertia, incapable of generating the social momentum required for civilizational advancement. Conversely, the limitation of sexual gratification creates an emotional conflict that is redirected into the collective energy required for expansion, institutional growth, and scientific inquiry.

The strategic inquiry into this phenomenon, initiated by J.D. Unwin, yielded an analytical framework designed for the Predictive Modeling of Civilizational Trajectories:

  • Empirical Validation of Psychological Hypotheses: Testing the conjecture that "civilization" is the byproduct of emotional tension generated by the regulation of sexual impulses.
  • Longitudinal Comparative Analysis: A comprehensive inquiry into eighty uncivilized societies and sixteen historical civilizations to eliminate the unreliability of eclectic summaries.
  • The Shift to Inescapable Induction: Moving from "Innocent Inquiry" to a data-driven model where conclusions are not sought to support a thesis but are forced by the objective weight of cultural data.

The analytical framework necessitates a methodology that prioritizes observable social behavior over the subjective and often distorted reports of native beliefs.

2. The Frame of Reference: Behavioral Rites vs. Subjective Beliefs

A clinical analysis of cultural dynamics must prioritize observable "rites" over the reported "beliefs" of a society. Historical data is frequently compromised by "European Lineage" bias, wherein observers mistranslated native concepts into Christian-centric terms—mischaracterizing manifestations of energy, such as the Tlingit yek or Lango jok, as individual "spirits" or "demons." To mitigate these distortions, we utilize the following methodological standard:

Methodological Filters

Classification TypePrimary Data PointScientific Validity
Belief-Based ClassificationSubjective testimony / direct interrogation.Low: Susceptible to observer bias, linguistic mistranslation, and "echoes" of the observer’s creed.
Rite-Based ClassificationObservable social behavior and ceremonies.High: Provides a consistent, measurable metric of how a society maintains its relation with the universe.

In this thermodynamic equation, the two primary variables are:

  1. Cultural Condition: The method a society employs to maintain a "right relation with the power in the universe," specifically managed through the variables of place (temples) and agency (priests).
  2. Sexual Opportunity: The degree to which a society permits or limits the gratification of sexual desires, categorized by pre-nuptial and post-nuptial regulations.

Once these variables are fixed, societies naturally sort into a distinct hierarchy of energy states, moving from total inertia toward expansive cultural vigor.

3. Zoistic Societies: The State of Inertia and Total Opportunity

The "Zoistic" condition represents the baseline of human societal energy, characterized by a "dead level" of cultural output. In these societies, the absence of compulsory continence results in a total lack of social energy.

Case Study: The Loyalty Islanders and Tannese In these societies, "Pre-nuptial Freedom" is the normative behavior, correlating directly with a lack of social infrastructure:

  1. Absence of Coordination: No temples or permanent roofed structures are erected for communal power.
  2. Inertia of the Dead: There are no post-funeral rites; the dead are neither served (tendance) nor petitioned (cult).
  3. Individualized Magic: Reliance on unassisted magic—the tene haze (Loyalty Islands) or owners of uhngen stones (Tanna)—who claim personal control over weather or disease.

Assessment: The "Human Entropy" of Zoistic societies is a direct consequence of the absence of emotional conflict. Without the compulsory sacrifice of innate desires, there is no fuel for the engine of culture. Magic remains an exclusive concern of individuals rather than a structured social force; consequently, these societies fail to achieve the social coordination necessary for civilizational expansion or the construction of complex political systems.

4. Manistic Societies: Transitional Energy and the Rise of Ancestor Tendance

The "Manistic" condition is a transitional state where the first limitations on sexual opportunity—specifically "Irregular or Occasional Continence," such as restrictions on betrothed girls—begin to manifest as social momentum.

Sharp Distinction: Tendance vs. Cult To analyze the transitional energy of Manistic states, we must distinguish between two forms of post-funeral attention:

  • Tendance: Services due to the dead (negative/avoidance) to ensure they do not become troublesome. The dead are not viewed as possessing superior power.
  • Cult: Approaching a specific ghost (positive/petition) for assistance or power beyond the reach of living men.

Case Study: New Britons and South-east Solomon Islanders

  • New Britons: Developed the webat status, where a betrothed girl was forbidden to others. This minor restriction correlates with an "incipient tendance" where food is offered to prevent haunting.
  • South-east Solomon Islanders (Sa'a/Ulawa): Employed the adi (taboo) status for betrothed girls. This more stringent regulation generated "Saka" (hot/pungent) energy. This increased social coordination allowed these people to maintain complex lineages remembered for eleven generations—a feat impossible in Zoistic states—and to practice a sophisticated "Cult" of ghosts (li'oa).

The transition from Zoistic to Manistic states marks the first departure from social inertia, driven by the structural limitation of sexual rights.

5. Deistic Societies: Pre-Nuptial Chastity and Expansive Energy

The "Deistic" condition represents the highest energy state among uncivilized societies, catalyzed by the mandatory "Tokens of Virginity"—the requirement of physical proof that a bride is virgo intacta.

The Architecture of Deism

SocietySexual Regulation (The Tokens)Cultural Result (Temples/Priests)
FijiansTombe (virginity plaits) cut at marriage; public inspection of the mat.Numerous bure kalou (temples) and professional bete (priests).
BagandaStained barkcloth sent to parents; unchaste brides were a stigma on the clan.National gods (balubare) with conical temples and organized priesthoods.
YorubaPhysical tokens displayed at wedding feasts; unchaste brides were repudiated.Elaborate temple systems and powerful priestly orders (e.g., the Ifa).

Assessment: The shift from "Magician" to "Priest" represents a massive increase in social coordination. While the magician relies on personal, unassisted power, the priest acts as the medium for a god within a dedicated, communal place (the temple). This transition generates a "virile" competitive advantage, as seen in the Sa'a or the "leading people" status of the Yoruba. This structure is only possible when a society generates sufficient energy through strict pre-nuptial chastity.

6. Human Entropy and the Direction of the Cultural Process

"Human Entropy" is the dissipation of social energy that occurs when sexual regulations are relaxed. Just as the Second Law of Thermodynamics dictates energy dissipation in closed physical systems, social energy dissolves when the sacrifice of desire is no longer compelled.

Any society that insists on stringent sexual regulations (continence) will manifest higher states of social energy and more complex cultural behavior.

So long as a society maintains great energy, its behavior changes in a specific direction: from Zoistic to Manistic, from Manistic to Deistic, and finally to Rationalistic (objective inquiry and science).

Expansive vs. Productive Energy A society in the Deistic state, fueled by pre-nuptial chastity, possesses Expansive Energy (manifesting as warfare, colonization, and temple construction). However, to move toward Productive Energy—the state required for high-value cultural tradition, science, and objective inquiry—a society must become Rationalistic. This shift historically necessitates the extreme social tension created by Absolute Monogamy. While pre-nuptial chastity triggers expansion, it is the lifelong post-nuptial restriction of absolute monogamy that provides the sustained energy required for scientific and intellectual tradition.

7. Conclusion: The Strategic Imperative of Regulation

The "Relativity of Human Affairs" reveals an inescapable strategic truth: the cultural behavior of any society is fundamentally dependent on the state of energy generated by its sexual regulations. The longitudinal data indicates a critical threshold: no society has successfully moved in the "Direction of the Cultural Process" for more than one-half of a generation after the relaxation of its sexual regulations.

Final Assessment: Sexual regulation is the fundamental engine of culture. When regulations are stringent, the resulting emotional conflict generates the energy required for societal expansion and intellectual achievement. When regulations are relaxed, "Human Entropy" sets in; coordination dissolves, institutions fail, and the cultural tradition enters a terminal decline. Cultural vigor is not a birthright or a static inheritance; it is a thermodynamic achievement that must be maintained through the preservation of energy-generating behavioral rites.